测试自动化实战
上个月我接手了一个没有任何测试的遗留项目。按照传统做法,写测试至少要一周,但用Claude Code,一天就搞定了单元测试、集成测试、E2E测试全套。
今天分享这个实战案例,看看Claude Code怎么让测试覆盖率从0提升到90%+。
项目背景
遗留项目现状
一个在线商城系统的后端API,代码量约5000行:
- 没有测试: 完全没有单元测试、集成测试
- Bug频出: 每次上线都引入新问题
- 重构困难: 不敢改动旧代码,怕引入Bug
- 文档缺失: 很多函数用途不明确
技术栈
- 后端: Node.js + Express.js
- 数据库: MongoDB + Mongoose
- 测 试框架: Jest + Supertest
- E2E测试: Playwright
目标
- 单元测试: 覆盖所有核心业务逻辑
- 集成测试: 测试API端点
- E2E测试: 关键用户流程
- 测试覆盖率: 达到90%以上
- CI/CD集成: 自动化测试流程
准备工作
安装测试依赖
首先让Claude Code帮你设置测试环境:
为这个Express项目配置完整的测试环境:
- Jest作为测试框架
- Supertest用于API测试
- Istanbul生成覆盖率报告
- Playwright 用于E2E测试
创建测试配置文件和目录结构。
Claude Code会自动生成:
package.json (添加测试脚本):
{
"scripts": {
"test": "jest",
"test:watch": "jest --watch",
"test:coverage": "jest --coverage",
"test:ci": "jest --ci --coverage --maxWorkers=2",
"test:integration": "jest --testPathPattern=integration",
"test:e2e": "playwright test",
"test:all": "npm run test && npm run test:integration && npm run test:e2e"
},
"devDependencies": {
"@playwright/test": "^1.40.0",
"jest": "^29.7.0",
"supertest": "^6.3.3",
"mongodb-memory-server": "^9.1.3"
},
"jest": {
"testEnvironment": "node",
"coveragePathIgnorePatterns": ["/node_modules/"],
"testMatch": [
"**/__tests__/**/*.test.js",
"**/?(*.)+(spec|test).js"
],
"collectCoverageFrom": [
"src/**/*.js",
"!src/server.js",
"!src/config/**"
],
"coverageThreshold": {
"global": {
"branches": 80,
"functions": 80,
"lines": 80,
"statements": 80
}
}
}
}
项目结构
Claude Code会组织成这样的结构:
project/
├── src/
│ ├── models/
│ ├── controllers/
│ ├── services/
│ ├── routes/
│ └── utils/
├── __tests__/
│ ├── unit/
│ │ ├── models/
│ │ ├── services/
│ │ └── utils/
│ ├── integration/
│ │ └── api/
│ └── fixtures/
├── tests-e2e/
│ ├── specs/
│ └── helpers/
├── jest.setup.js
└── playwright.config.js
单元测试生成
测试数据模型
先从最简单的模型测试开始:
为Product模型生成完整的单元测试:
- 字段验证测试
- 必填字段测试
- 唯一性测试
- 自定义方法测试
- 虚拟字段测试
src/models/Product.js (被测试的模型):
const mongoose = require('mongoose');
const { Decimal128 } = require('bson');
const productSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
name: {
type: String,
required: [true, 'Product name is required'],
trim: true,
maxlength: [200, 'Name cannot exceed 200 characters'],
},
description: {
type: String,
maxlength: [2000, 'Description cannot exceed 2000 characters'],
},
price: {
type: Decimal128,
required: [true, 'Price is required'],
min: [0, 'Price cannot be negative'],
},
category: {
type: String,
required: true,
enum: ['electronics', 'clothing', 'books', 'home', 'sports'],
},
stock: {
type: Number,
default: 0,
min: [0, 'Stock cannot be negative'],
},
isActive: {
type: Boolean,
default: true,
},
tags: [{
type: String,
trim: true,
}],
ratings: [{
user: {
type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId,
ref: 'User',
},
score: {
type: Number,
required: true,
min: 1,
max: 5,
},
comment: String,
}],
}, {
timestamps: true,
});
// 虚拟字段: 平均评分
productSchema.virtual('averageRating').get(function() {
if (this.ratings.length === 0) return 0;
const sum = this.ratings.reduce((acc, rating) => acc + rating.score, 0);
return (sum / this.ratings.length).toFixed(1);
});
// 实例方法: 减少库存
productSchema.methods.reduceStock = function(quantity) {
if (this.stock < quantity) {
throw new Error('Insufficient stock');
}
this.stock -= quantity;
return this.save();
};
// 实例方法: 增加库存
productSchema.methods.increaseStock = function(quantity) {
this.stock += quantity;
return this.save();
};
// 静态方法: 查找活跃产品
productSchema.statics.findActive = function() {
return this.find({ isActive: true });
};
// 静态方法: 按类别查找
productSchema.statics.findByCategory = function(category) {
return this.find({ category, isActive: true });
};
module.exports = mongoose.model('Product', productSchema);
Claude Code生成的测试文件:
tests/unit/models/Product.test.js:
const mongoose = require('mongoose');
const { MongoMemoryServer } = require('mongodb-memory-server');
const Product = require('../../../src/models/Product');
describe('Product Model', () => {
let mongoServer;
beforeAll(async () => {
mongoServer = await MongoMemoryServer.create();
await mongoose.connect(mongoServer.getUri());
});
afterEach(async () => {
await Product.deleteMany({});
});
afterAll(async () => {
await mongoose.disconnect();
await mongoServer.stop();
});
describe('字段验证', () => {
test('应该成功创建一个有效产品', async () => {
const productData = {
name: 'iPhone 15 Pro',
description: 'Latest iPhone model',
price: '999.99',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
};
const product = await Product.create(productData);
expect(product.name).toBe(productData.name);
expect(product.description).toBe(productData.description);
expect(product.price.toString()).toBe(productData.price);
expect(product.category).toBe(productData.category);
expect(product.stock).toBe(productData.stock);
expect(product.isActive).toBe(true);
});
test('应该缺少name字段时验证失败', async () => {
const productData = {
description: 'No name product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
};
await expect(Product.create(productData)).rejects.toThrow();
});
test('应该缺少price字段时验证失败', async () => {
const productData = {
name: 'Test Product',
description: 'Test description',
category: 'electronics',
};
await expect(Product.create(productData)).rejects.toThrow();
});
test('应该无效类别时验证失败', async () => {
const productData = {
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'invalid-category',
};
await expect(Product.create(productData)).rejects.toThrow();
});
test('应该负价格时验证失败', async () => {
const productData = {
name: 'Test Product',
price: '-10.00',
category: 'electronics',
};
await expect(Product.create(productData)).rejects.toThrow();
});
test('应该负库存时验证失败', async () => {
const productData = {
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: -5,
};
await expect(Product.create(productData)).rejects.toThrow();
});
test('应该name超过最大长度时验证失败', async () => {
const productData = {
name: 'a'.repeat(201),
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
};
await expect(Product.create(productData)).rejects.toThrow();
});
});
describe('虚拟字段: averageRating', () => {
test('应该返回0当没有评分时', () => {
const product = new Product({
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
ratings: [],
});
expect(product.averageRating).toBe(0);
});
test('应该计算平均评分正确', () => {
const product = new Product({
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
ratings: [
{ score: 4, comment: 'Good' },
{ score: 5, comment: 'Excellent' },
{ score: 3, comment: 'Okay' },
],
});
expect(product.averageRating).toBe('4.0');
});
test('应该处理单个评分', () => {
const product = new Product({
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
ratings: [{ score: 5, comment: 'Perfect' }],
});
expect(product.averageRating).toBe('5.0');
});
});
describe('实例方法: reduceStock', () => {
test('应该成功减少库存', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 100,
});
await product.reduceStock(10);
expect(product.stock).toBe(90);
});
test('应该库存不足时抛出错误', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 5,
});
await expect(product.reduceStock(10)).rejects.toThrow('Insufficient stock');
});
test('应该完全消耗库存', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 10,
});
await product.reduceStock(10);
expect(product.stock).toBe(0);
});
});
describe('实例方法: increaseStock', () => {
test('应该成功增加库存', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
await product.increaseStock(25);
expect(product.stock).toBe(75);
});
test('应该添加库存到零库存产品', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 0,
});
await product.increaseStock(100);
expect(product.stock).toBe(100);
});
});
describe('静态方法: findActive', () => {
beforeEach(async () => {
await Product.create([
{ name: 'Active Product 1', price: '10.00', category: 'electronics', isActive: true },
{ name: 'Active Product 2', price: '20.00', category: 'electronics', isActive: true },
{ name: 'Inactive Product', price: '30.00', category: 'electronics', isActive: false },
]);
});
test('应该只返回活跃产品', async () => {
const activeProducts = await Product.findActive();
expect(activeProducts).toHaveLength(2);
expect(activeProducts.every(p => p.isActive)).toBe(true);
});
});
describe('静态方法: findByCategory', () => {
beforeEach(async () => {
await Product.create([
{ name: 'iPhone', price: '999.00', category: 'electronics', isActive: true },
{ name: 'MacBook', price: '1999.00', category: 'electronics', isActive: true },
{ name: 'T-Shirt', price: '19.99', category: 'clothing', isActive: true },
{ name: 'Inactive Electronics', price: '100.00', category: 'electronics', isActive: false },
]);
});
test('应该返回指定类别的活跃产品', async () => {
const electronics = await Product.findByCategory('electronics');
expect(electronics).toHaveLength(2);
expect(electronics.every(p => p.category === 'electronics')).toBe(true);
expect(electronics.every(p => p.isActive)).toBe(true);
});
test('应该返回空数组当没有该类别产品', async () => {
const books = await Product.findByCategory('books');
expect(books).toHaveLength(0);
});
});
describe('标签功能', () => {
test('应该成功创建带标签的产品', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
tags: ['new', 'featured', 'sale'],
});
expect(product.tags).toHaveLength(3);
expect(product.tags).toContain('new');
expect(product.tags).toContain('featured');
expect(product.tags).toContain('sale');
});
test('应该修剪标签中的空白', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'Test Product',
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
tags: [' new ', 'featured', ' sale '],
});
expect(product.tags[0]).toBe('new');
expect(product.tags[2]).toBe('sale');
});
});
});
测试业务逻辑服务
继续测试服务层:
为OrderService生成完整的单元测试:
- 创建订单逻辑
- 库存验证
- 价格计算
- 折扣应用
- 错误处理
- 边界条件
src/services/orderService.js:
const Product = require('../models/Product');
const Order = require('../models/Order');
class OrderService {
// 创建订单
async createOrder(userId, items, discountCode = null) {
// 验证输入
if (!items || items.length === 0) {
throw new Error('Order must contain at least one item');
}
// 计算总价和验证库存
let totalAmount = 0;
const orderItems = [];
for (const item of items) {
const product = await Product.findById(item.productId);
if (!product) {
throw new Error(`Product ${item.productId} not found`);
}
if (!product.isActive) {
throw new Error(`Product ${product.name} is not available`);
}
if (product.stock < item.quantity) {
throw new Error(`Insufficient stock for ${product.name}`);
}
const itemTotal = parseFloat(product.price.toString()) * item.quantity;
totalAmount += itemTotal;
orderItems.push({
product: product._id,
name: product.name,
quantity: item.quantity,
price: product.price,
subtotal: itemTotal,
});
}
// 应用折扣
let discount = 0;
if (discountCode) {
discount = await this.applyDiscount(discountCode, totalAmount);
totalAmount -= discount;
}
// 创建订单
const order = await Order.create({
user: userId,
items: orderItems,
totalAmount,
discount,
status: 'pending',
});
// 减少库存
for (const item of items) {
const product = await Product.findById(item.productId);
await product.reduceStock(item.quantity);
}
return order;
}
// 应用折扣码
async applyDiscount(code, totalAmount) {
const discounts = {
'SAVE10': 0.10, // 10% off
'SAVE20': 0.20, // 20% off
'FIRST50': 50, // $50 off
};
const discount = discounts[code];
if (!discount) {
throw new Error('Invalid discount code');
}
if (typeof discount === 'number' && discount < 1) {
// 百分比折扣
return totalAmount * discount;
} else {
// 固定金额折扣
return Math.min(discount, totalAmount);
}
}
// 取消订单
async cancelOrder(orderId, userId) {
const order = await Order.findOne({ _id: orderId, user: userId });
if (!order) {
throw new Error('Order not found');
}
if (order.status === 'cancelled' || order.status === 'delivered') {
throw new Error(`Cannot cancel order with status: ${order.status}`);
}
// 恢复库存
for (const item of order.items) {
const product = await Product.findById(item.product);
if (product) {
await product.increaseStock(item.quantity);
}
}
order.status = 'cancelled';
order.cancelledAt = Date.now();
await order.save();
return order;
}
// 获取订单状态
async getOrderStatus(orderId, userId) {
const order = await Order.findOne({ _id: orderId, user: userId });
if (!order) {
throw new Error('Order not found');
}
return {
id: order._id,
status: order.status,
totalAmount: order.totalAmount,
createdAt: order.createdAt,
items: order.items,
};
}
}
module.exports = new OrderService();
tests/unit/services/orderService.test.js:
const OrderService = require('../../../src/services/orderService');
const Product = require('../../../src/models/Product');
const Order = require('../../../src/models/Order');
const { MongoMemoryServer } = require('mongodb-memory-server');
const mongoose = require('mongoose');
describe('OrderService', () => {
let mongoServer;
let userId;
beforeAll(async () => {
mongoServer = await MongoMemoryServer.create();
await mongoose.connect(mongoServer.getUri());
userId = new mongoose.Types.ObjectId();
});
afterEach(async () => {
await Product.deleteMany({});
await Order.deleteMany({});
});
afterAll(async () => {
await mongoose.disconnect();
await mongoServer.stop();
});
describe('createOrder', () => {
let product1, product2;
beforeEach(async () => {
product1 = await Product.create({
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
product2 = await Product.create({
name: 'MacBook Pro',
price: '1999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 20,
});
});
test('应该成功创建单产品订单', async () => {
const items = [{ productId: product1._id, quantity: 1 }];
const order = await OrderService.createOrder(userId, items);
expect(order).toBeDefined();
expect(order.items).toHaveLength(1);
expect(order.totalAmount.toString()).toBe('999');
expect(order.status).toBe('pending');
// 验证库存减少
const updatedProduct = await Product.findById(product1._id);
expect(updatedProduct.stock).toBe(49);
});
test('应该成功创建多产品订单', async () => {
const items = [
{ productId: product1._id, quantity: 2 },
{ productId: product2._id, quantity: 1 },
];
const order = await OrderService.createOrder(userId, items);
expect(order.items).toHaveLength(2);
const expectedTotal = 999 * 2 + 1999;
expect(order.totalAmount.toString()).toBe(expectedTotal.toString());
// 验证库存
const p1 = await Product.findById(product1._id);
const p2 = await Product.findById(product2._id);
expect(p1.stock).toBe(48);
expect(p2.stock).toBe(19);
});
test('应该空产品列表时抛出错误', async () => {
await expect(OrderService.createOrder(userId, [])).rejects.toThrow(
'Order must contain at least one item'
);
});
test('应该产品不存在时抛出错误', async () => {
const nonExistentId = new mongoose.Types.ObjectId();
const items = [{ productId: nonExistentId, quantity: 1 }];
await expect(OrderService.createOrder(userId, items)).rejects.toThrow(
'Product not found'
);
});
test('应该产品不可用时抛出错误', async () => {
await Product.findByIdAndUpdate(product1._id, { isActive: false });
const items = [{ productId: product1._id, quantity: 1 }];
await expect(OrderService.createOrder(userId, items)).rejects.toThrow(
'is not available'
);
});
test('应该库存不足时抛出错误', async () => {
await Product.findByIdAndUpdate(product1._id, { stock: 2 });
const items = [{ productId: product1._id, quantity: 5 }];
await expect(OrderService.createOrder(userId, items)).rejects.toThrow(
'Insufficient stock'
);
});
});
describe('applyDiscount', () => {
test('应该应用10%百分比折扣', async () => {
const discount = await OrderService.applyDiscount('SAVE10', 1000);
expect(discount).toBe(100);
});
test('应该应用20%百分比折扣', async () => {
const discount = await OrderService.applyDiscount('SAVE20', 500);
expect(discount).toBe(100);
});
test('应该应用固定金额折扣', async () => {
const discount = await OrderService.applyDiscount('FIRST50', 1000);
expect(discount).toBe(50);
});
test('应该限制固定折扣不超过订单总额', async () => {
const discount = await OrderService.applyDiscount('FIRST50', 30);
expect(discount).toBe(30);
});
test('应该无效折扣码时抛出错误', async () => {
await expect(OrderService.applyDiscount('INVALID', 1000)).rejects.toThrow(
'Invalid discount code'
);
});
});
describe('createOrder with discount', () => {
let product1;
beforeEach(async () => {
product1 = await Product.create({
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '1000.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
});
test('应该应用百分比折扣到订单', async () => {
const items = [{ productId: product1._id, quantity: 1 }];
const order = await OrderService.createOrder(userId, items, 'SAVE20');
expect(order.discount).toBe(200);
expect(order.totalAmount.toString()).toBe('800');
});
test('应该应用固定金额折扣到订单', async () => {
const items = [{ productId: product1._id, quantity: 1 }];
const order = await OrderService.createOrder(userId, items, 'FIRST50');
expect(order.discount).toBe(50);
expect(order.totalAmount.toString()).toBe('950');
});
});
describe('cancelOrder', () => {
let order, product;
beforeEach(async () => {
product = await Product.create({
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
const items = [{ productId: product._id, quantity: 2 }];
order = await OrderService.createOrder(userId, items);
});
test('应该成功取消pending订单', async () => {
const cancelledOrder = await OrderService.cancelOrder(order._id, userId);
expect(cancelledOrder.status).toBe('cancelled');
expect(cancelledOrder.cancelledAt).toBeDefined();
// 验证库存恢复
const updatedProduct = await Product.findById(product._id);
expect(updatedProduct.stock).toBe(50);
});
test('应该订单不存在时抛出错误', async () => {
const fakeOrderId = new mongoose.Types.ObjectId();
await expect(OrderService.cancelOrder(fakeOrderId, userId)).rejects.toThrow(
'Order not found'
);
});
test('应该不允许取消已取消的订单', async () => {
await OrderService.cancelOrder(order._id, userId);
await expect(OrderService.cancelOrder(order._id, userId)).rejects.toThrow(
'Cannot cancel order'
);
});
});
describe('getOrderStatus', () => {
test('应该返回订单状态', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
const items = [{ productId: product._id, quantity: 1 }];
const order = await OrderService.createOrder(userId, items);
const status = await OrderService.getOrderStatus(order._id, userId);
expect(status.id).toEqual(order._id);
expect(status.status).toBe('pending');
expect(status.totalAmount.toString()).toBe('999');
expect(status.items).toHaveLength(1);
expect(status.createdAt).toBeDefined();
});
test('应该订单不存在时抛出错误', async () => {
const fakeOrderId = new mongoose.Types.ObjectId();
await expect(OrderService.getOrderStatus(fakeOrderId, userId)).rejects.toThrow(
'Order not found'
);
});
});
});
运行单元测试
npm run test:coverage
输出示例:
PASS __tests__/unit/models/Product.test.js
Product Model
字段验证
✓ 应该成功创建一个有效产品 (45ms)
✓ 应该缺少name字段时验证失败 (12ms)
✓ 应该缺少price字段时验证失败 (8ms)
✓ 应该无效类别时验证失败 (9ms)
✓ 应该负价格时验证失败 (8ms)
✓ 应该负库存时验证失败 (7ms)
✓ 应该name超过最大长度时验证失败 (8ms)
虚拟字段: averageRating
✓ 应该返回0当没有评分时 (5ms)
✓ 应该计算平均评分正确 (6ms)
✓ 应该处理单个评分 (5ms)
实例方法: reduceStock
✓ 应该成功减少库存 (12ms)
✓ 应该库存不足时抛出错误 (8ms)
✓ 应该完全消耗库存 (9ms)
实例方法: increaseStock
✓ 应该成功增加库存 (10ms)
✓ 应该添加库存到零库存产品 (8ms)
静态方法: findActive
✓ 应该只返 回活跃产品 (15ms)
静态方法: findByCategory
✓ 应该返回指定类别的活跃产品 (12ms)
✓ 应该返回空数组当没有该类别产品 (8ms)
标签功能
✓ 应该成功创建带标签的产品 (9ms)
✓ 应该修剪标签中的空白 (7ms)
PASS __tests__/unit/services/orderService.test.js
OrderService
createOrder
✓ 应该成功创建单产品订单 (35ms)
✓ 应该成功创建多产品订单 (28ms)
✓ 应该空产品列表时抛出错误 (8ms)
✓ 应该产品不存在时抛出错误 (9ms)
✓ 应该产品不可用时抛出错误 (10ms)
✓ 应该库存不足时抛出错误 (11ms)
applyDiscount
✓ 应该应用10%百分比折扣 (5ms)
✓ 应该应用20%百分比折扣 (4ms)
✓ 应该应用固定金额折扣 (4ms)
✓ 应该限制固定折扣不超过订单总额 (4ms)
✓ 应该无效折扣码时抛出错误 (4ms)
createOrder with discount
✓ 应该应用百分比折扣到订单 (22ms)
✓ 应该应用固定金额折扣到订单 (20ms)
cancelOrder
✓ 应该成功取消pending订单 (18ms)
✓ 应该订单不存在时抛出错误 (7ms)
✓ 应该不允许取消已取消的订单 (12ms)
getOrderStatus
✓ 应该返回订单状态 (15ms)
✓ 应该订单不存在时抛出错误 (7ms)
--------------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|-------------------
File | % Stmts | % Branch | % Funcs | % Lines | Uncovered Line #s
--------------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|-------------------
All files | 92.15 | 88.45 | 95.12 | 92.45 |
src | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
src/models | 95.32 | 92.15 | 100 | 95.45 |
Product.js | 95.32 | 92.15 | 100 | 95.45 | 145-148
src/services | 89.45 | 85.71 | 90.91 | 89.23 |
orderService.js | 89.45 | 85.71 | 90.91 | 89.23 | 78-82
--------------------|---------|----------|---------|---------|-------------------
Test Suites: 2 passed, 2 total
Tests: 40 passed, 40 total
集成测试
API端点测试
接下来测试完整的API流程:
为所有产品相关的API端点生成集成测试:
- POST /api/products (创建产品)
- GET /api/products (获取产品列表)
- GET /api/products/:id (获取单个产品)
- PUT /api/products/:id (更新产品)
- DELETE /api/products/:id (删除产品)
包括:
- 认证测试
- 授权测试
- 验证测试
- 错误处理测试
tests/integration/api/products.test.js:
const request = require('supertest');
const mongoose = require('mongoose');
const { MongoMemoryServer } = require('mongodb-memory-server');
const app = require('../../../src/app');
const User = require('../../../src/models/User');
const Product = require('../../../src/models/Product');
const generateToken = require('../../../src/utils/generateToken');
describe('Products API Integration Tests', () => {
let mongoServer;
let adminToken;
let userToken;
let adminUser;
let regularUser;
beforeAll(async () => {
mongoServer = await MongoMemoryServer.create();
await mongoose.connect(mongoServer.getUri());
// 创建管理员用户
adminUser = await User.create({
name: 'Admin User',
email: 'admin@test.com',
password: 'password123',
role: 'admin',
});
adminToken = generateToken(adminUser._id);
// 创建普通用户
regularUser = await User.create({
name: 'Regular User',
email: 'user@test.com',
password: 'password123',
role: 'user',
});
userToken = generateToken(regularUser._id);
});
afterEach(async () => {
await Product.deleteMany({});
});
afterAll(async () => {
await mongoose.disconnect();
await mongoServer.stop();
});
describe('POST /api/products', () => {
const validProductData = {
name: 'iPhone 15 Pro',
description: 'Latest Apple smartphone',
price: '999.99',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
tags: ['new', 'apple'],
};
test('应该管理员成功创建产品', async () => {
const response = await request(app)
.post('/api/products')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${adminToken}`)
.send(validProductData)
.expect(201);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(true);
expect(response.body.data.name).toBe(validProductData.name);
expect(response.body.data.price.toString()).toBe(validProductData.price);
// 验证数据库
const product = await Product.findById(response.body.data._id);
expect(product).toBeDefined();
expect(product.name).toBe(validProductData.name);
});
test('应该普通用户创建产品时返回403', async () => {
const response = await request(app)
.post('/api/products')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${userToken}`)
.send(validProductData)
.expect(403);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
expect(response.body.message).toContain('not authorized');
});
test('应该未认证用户返回401', async () => {
const response = await request(app)
.post('/api/products')
.send(validProductData)
.expect(401);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
});
test('应该缺少必填字段时返回400', async () => {
const invalidData = {
name: 'Test Product',
// 缺少 price 和 category
};
const response = await request(app)
.post('/api/products')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${adminToken}`)
.send(invalidData)
.expect(400);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
});
test('应该无效价格时返回400', async () => {
const invalidData = {
...validProductData,
price: 'invalid',
};
const response = await request(app)
.post('/api/products')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${adminToken}`)
.send(invalidData)
.expect(400);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
});
});
describe('GET /api/products', () => {
beforeEach(async () => {
await Product.create([
{
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
isActive: true,
},
{
name: 'MacBook Pro',
price: '1999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 20,
isActive: true,
},
{
name: 'Inactive Product',
price: '100.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 10,
isActive: false,
},
]);
});
test('应该返回所有活跃产品', async () => {
const response = await request(app)
.get('/api/products')
.expect(200);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(true);
expect(response.body.data.products).toHaveLength(2);
expect(response.body.data.products.every(p => p.isActive)).toBe(true);
});
test('应该支持按类别过滤', async () => {
await Product.create({
name: 'T-Shirt',
price: '19.99',
category: 'clothing',
stock: 100,
isActive: true,
});
const response = await request(app)
.get('/api/products?category=electronics')
.expect(200);
expect(response.body.data.products).toHaveLength(2);
expect(response.body.data.products.every(p => p.category === 'electronics')).toBe(true);
});
test('应该支持分页', async () => {
// 创建更多产品
for (let i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
await Product.create({
name: `Product ${i}`,
price: '10.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 10,
isActive: true,
});
}
const response = await request(app)
.get('/api/products?page=1&limit=10')
.expect(200);
expect(response.body.data.products).toHaveLength(10);
expect(response.body.data.pagination).toBeDefined();
expect(response.body.data.pagination.totalPages).toBeGreaterThan(1);
});
test('应该支持搜索', async () => {
const response = await request(app)
.get('/api/products?search=iPhone')
.expect(200);
expect(response.body.data.products).toHaveLength(1);
expect(response.body.data.products[0].name).toContain('iPhone');
});
});
describe('GET /api/products/:id', () => {
test('应该返回有效产品', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
const response = await request(app)
.get(`/api/products/${product._id}`)
.expect(200);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(true);
expect(response.body.data._id).toEqual(product._id.toString());
expect(response.body.data.name).toBe(product.name);
});
test('应该无效ID时返回404', async () => {
const fakeId = new mongoose.Types.ObjectId();
const response = await request(app)
.get(`/api/products/${fakeId}`)
.expect(404);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
});
test('应该无效ID格式时返回400', async () => {
const response = await request(app)
.get('/api/products/invalid-id')
.expect(400);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
});
});
describe('PUT /api/products/:id', () => {
test('应该管理员成功更新产品', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
const updateData = {
name: 'iPhone 15 Pro',
price: '1099.00',
stock: 100,
};
const response = await request(app)
.put(`/api/products/${product._id}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${adminToken}`)
.send(updateData)
.expect(200);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(true);
expect(response.body.data.name).toBe(updateData.name);
expect(response.body.data.price.toString()).toBe(updateData.price);
// 验证数据库
const updatedProduct = await Product.findById(product._id);
expect(updatedProduct.name).toBe(updateData.name);
expect(updatedProduct.stock).toBe(updateData.stock);
});
test('应该普通用户返回403', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
const response = await request(app)
.put(`/api/products/${product._id}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${userToken}`)
.send({ name: 'Updated Name' })
.expect(403);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
});
test('应该防止更新类别为无效值', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
const response = await request(app)
.put(`/api/products/${product._id}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${adminToken}`)
.send({ category: 'invalid-category' })
.expect(400);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
});
});
describe('DELETE /api/products/:id', () => {
test('应该管理员成功删除产品', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
const response = await request(app)
.delete(`/api/products/${product._id}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${adminToken}`)
.expect(200);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(true);
expect(response.body.message).toContain('deleted');
// 验证删除
const deletedProduct = await Product.findById(product._id);
expect(deletedProduct).toBeNull();
});
test('应该普通用户返回403', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({
name: 'iPhone 15',
price: '999.00',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 50,
});
const response = await request(app)
.delete(`/api/products/${product._id}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${userToken}`)
.expect(403);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
// 验证产品未被删除
const productStillExists = await Product.findById(product._id);
expect(productStillExists).toBeDefined();
});
});
});
测试工具函数和助手
tests/helpers/setup.js:
const mongoose = require('mongoose');
const { MongoMemoryServer } = require('mongodb-memory-server');
const User = require('../../src/models/User');
const Product = require('../../src/models/Product');
const Order = require('../../src/models/Order');
const generateToken = require('../../src/utils/generateToken');
class TestHelpers {
constructor() {
this.mongoServer = null;
}
async setupDatabase() {
this.mongoServer = await MongoMemoryServer.create();
await mongoose.connect(this.mongoServer.getUri());
}
async teardownDatabase() {
await mongoose.disconnect();
if (this.mongoServer) {
await this.mongoServer.stop();
}
}
async clearDatabase() {
await User.deleteMany({});
await Product.deleteMany({});
await Order.deleteMany({});
}
// 创建测试用户
async createUser(overrides = {}) {
const userData = {
name: 'Test User',
email: 'test@example.com',
password: 'password123',
role: 'user',
...overrides,
};
const user = await User.create(userData);
return {
user,
token: generateToken(user._id),
};
}
async createAdmin(overrides = {}) {
return this.createUser({ ...overrides, role: 'admin' });
}
// 创建测试产品
async createProduct(overrides = {}) {
const productData = {
name: 'Test Product',
price: '99.99',
category: 'electronics',
stock: 10,
isActive: true,
...overrides,
};
return await Product.create(productData);
}
// 创建多个测试产品
async createProducts(count = 5, overrides = {}) {
const products = [];
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
const product = await this.createProduct({
name: `Product ${i}`,
...overrides,
});
products.push(product);
}
return products;
}
// 创建测试订单
async createOrder(userId, products = []) {
if (products.length === 0) {
const product = await this.createProduct();
products = [product];
}
const items = products.map(p => ({
productId: p._id,
quantity: 1,
}));
const OrderService = require('../../src/services/orderService');
return await OrderService.createOrder(userId, items);
}
}
module.exports = new TestHelpers();
订单API集成测试
tests/integration/api/orders.test.js:
const request = require('supertest');
const helpers = require('../../helpers/setup');
const app = require('../../../src/app');
describe('Orders API Integration Tests', () => {
let helpersInstance;
beforeAll(async () => {
helpersInstance = new (require('../../helpers/setup'))();
await helpersInstance.setupDatabase();
});
afterEach(async () => {
await helpersInstance.clearDatabase();
});
afterAll(async () => {
await helpersInstance.teardownDatabase();
});
describe('POST /api/orders', () => {
test('应该认证用户成功创建订单', async () => {
const { user, token } = await helpersInstance.createUser();
const product = await helpersInstance.createProduct({ stock: 20 });
const orderData = {
items: [
{
productId: product._id,
quantity: 2,
},
],
};
const response = await request(app)
.post('/api/orders')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${token}`)
.send(orderData)
.expect(201);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(true);
expect(response.body.data.status).toBe('pending');
expect(response.body.data.items).toHaveLength(1);
// 验证库存减少
const updatedProduct = await require('../../../src/models/Product')
.findById(product._id);
expect(updatedProduct.stock).toBe(18);
});
test('应该应用折扣码到订单', async () => {
const { user, token } = await helpersInstance.createUser();
const product = await helpersInstance.createProduct({
name: 'iPhone',
price: '1000.00',
stock: 20,
});
const orderData = {
items: [{ productId: product._id, quantity: 1 }],
discountCode: 'SAVE20',
};
const response = await request(app)
.post('/api/orders')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${token}`)
.send(orderData)
.expect(201);
expect(response.body.data.totalAmount.toString()).toBe('800');
expect(response.body.data.discount).toBe(200);
});
test('应该库存不足时返回400', async () => {
const { user, token } = await helpersInstance.createUser();
const product = await helpersInstance.createProduct({ stock: 2 });
const orderData = {
items: [{ productId: product._id, quantity: 10 }],
};
const response = await request(app)
.post('/api/orders')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${token}`)
.send(orderData)
.expect(400);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
expect(response.body.message).toContain('Insufficient stock');
});
});
describe('GET /api/orders', () => {
test('应该返回当前用户的订单', async () => {
const { user, token } = await helpersInstance.createUser();
await helpersInstance.createOrder(user._id);
const response = await request(app)
.get('/api/orders')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${token}`)
.expect(200);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(true);
expect(response.body.data.orders).toHaveLength(1);
});
test('应该支持分页', async () => {
const { user, token } = await helpersInstance.createUser();
// 创建多个订单
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
await helpersInstance.createOrder(user._id);
}
const response = await request(app)
.get('/api/orders?page=1&limit=3')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${token}`)
.expect(200);
expect(response.body.data.orders).toHaveLength(3);
expect(response.body.data.pagination.totalPages).toBe(2);
});
});
describe('PATCH /api/orders/:id/cancel', () => {
test('应该成功取消订单', async () => {
const { user, token } = await helpersInstance.createUser();
const product = await helpersInstance.createProduct({ stock: 20 });
const order = await helpersInstance.createOrder(user._id, [product]);
const response = await request(app)
.patch(`/api/orders/${order._id}/cancel`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${token}`)
.expect(200);
expect(response.body.data.status).toBe('cancelled');
// 验证库存恢复
const updatedProduct = await require('../../../src/models/Product')
.findById(product._id);
expect(updatedProduct.stock).toBe(20);
});
test('应该不允许取消其他用户的订单', async () => {
const user1 = await helpersInstance.createUser();
const user2 = await helpersInstance.createUser();
const product = await helpersInstance.createProduct();
const order = await helpersInstance.createOrder(user1.user._id, [product]);
const response = await request(app)
.patch(`/api/orders/${order._id}/cancel`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${user2.token}`)
.expect(403);
expect(response.body.success).toBe(false);
});
});
});
E2E测试
Playwright配置
让Claude Code帮你设置E2E测试:
创建Playwright E2E测试配置:
- 测试浏览器: Chrome, Firefox, Safari
- 基础URL配置
- 测试超时设置
- 截图和视频录制
- 测试数据管理
playwright.config.js:
const { defineConfig, devices } = require('@playwright/test');
module.exports = defineConfig({
testDir: './tests-e2e/specs',
fullyParallel: true,
forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
reporter: [
['html'],
['json', { outputFile: 'playwright-report/results.json' }],
],
use: {
baseURL: process.env.BASE_URL || 'http://localhost:3000',
trace: 'on-first-retry',
screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
video: 'retain-on-failure',
},
projects: [
{
name: 'chromium',
use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] },
},
{
name: 'firefox',
use: { ...devices['Desktop Firefox'] },
},
{
name: 'webkit',
use: { ...devices['Desktop Safari'] },
},
/* Test against mobile viewports. */
{
name: 'Mobile Chrome',
use: { ...devices['Pixel 5'] },
},
{
name: 'Mobile Safari',
use: { ...devices['iPhone 12'] },
},
],
/* Run your local dev server before starting the tests */
webServer: {
command: 'npm run start',
url: 'http://localhost:3000',
reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
timeout: 120000,
},
});
用户注册和登录流程测试
tests-e2e/specs/auth.spec.js:
const { test, expect } = require('@playwright/test');
test.describe('用户认证', () => {
test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/');
});
test('应该成功注册新用户', async ({ page }) => {
// 点击注册按钮
await page.click('text=注册');
// 填写注册表单
await page.fill('[name="username"]', 'testuser');
await page.fill('[name="email"]', `test${Date.now()}@example.com`);
await page.fill('[name="password"]', 'password123');
await page.fill('[name="confirmPassword"]', 'password123');
// 提交表单
await page.click('button[type="submit"]');
// 验证跳转到dashboard
await expect(page).toHaveURL(/.*dashboard/);
await expect(page.locator('text=欢迎')).toBeVisible();
});
test('应该密码不匹配时显示错误', async ({ page }) => {
await page.click('text=注册');
await page.fill('[name="username"]', 'testuser');
await page.fill('[name="email"]', 'test@example.com');
await page.fill('[name="password"]', 'password123');
await page.fill('[name="confirmPassword"]', 'different123');
await page.click('button[type="submit"]');
// 验证错误消息
await expect(page.locator('.error-message')).toContainText('密码不匹配');
});
test('应该成功登录', async ({ page }) => {
await page.click('text=登录');
await page.fill('[name="email"]', 'test@example.com');
await page.fill('[name="password"]', 'password123');
await page.click('button[type="submit"]');
// 验证登录成功
await expect(page).toHaveURL(/.*dashboard/);
await expect(page.locator('.user-info')).toContainText('test');
});
test('应该错误凭证时显示错误', async ({ page }) => {
await page.click('text=登录');
await page.fill('[name="email"]', 'wrong@example.com');
await page.fill('[name="password"]', 'wrongpassword');
await page.click('button[type="submit"]');
await expect(page.locator('.error-message')).toContainText('登录失败');
});
test('应该成功登出', async ({ page, context }) => {
// 先登录
await page.goto('/login');
await page.fill('[name="email"]', 'test@example.com');
await page.fill('[name="password"]', 'password123');
await page.click('button[type="submit"]');
// 登出
await page.click('text=登出');
// 验证跳转到登录页
await expect(page).toHaveURL(/.*login/);
// 验证清除token
const cookies = await context.cookies();
const tokenCookie = cookies.find(c => c.name === 'token');
expect(tokenCookie).toBeUndefined();
});
});
完整购物流程测试
tests-e2e/specs/shopping-flow.spec.js:
const { test, expect } = require('@playwright/test');
test.describe('购物流程', () => {
test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
// 登录
await page.goto('/login');
await page.fill('[name="email"]', 'test@example.com');
await page.fill('[name="password"]', 'password123');
await page.click('button[type="submit"]');
await page.waitForURL(/.*dashboard/);
});
test('完整购物流程: 浏览 -> 添加到购物车 -> 结账', async ({ page }) => {
// 1. 浏览产品
await page.click('text=产品');
await expect(page).toHaveURL(/.*products/);
// 等待产品列表加载
await page.waitForSelector('.product-card');
// 2. 查看产品详情
await page.click('.product-card:first-child');
await expect(page.locator('h1')).toBeVisible();
// 3. 添加到购物车
await page.click('text=加入购物车');
await expect(page.locator('.cart-badge')).toHaveText('1');
// 4. 继续购物并添加更多产品
await page.goto('/products');
await page.click('.product-card:nth-child(2)');
await page.click('text=加入购物车');
await expect(page.locator('.cart-badge')).toHaveText('2');
// 5. 查看购物车
await page.click('text=购物车');
await expect(page).toHaveURL(/.*cart/);
await expect(page.locator('.cart-item')).toHaveCount(2);
// 6. 更新数量
await page.fill('.cart-item:first-child input[type="number"]', '3');
await page.click('text=更新');
// 验证总价更新
const totalText = await page.locator('.cart-total').textContent();
expect(totalText).toContain('总计');
// 7. 应用折扣码
await page.fill('[name="discountCode"]', 'SAVE20');
await page.click('text=应用');
// 验证折扣应用
await expect(page.locator('.discount-applied')).toBeVisible();
// 8. 结账
await page.click('text=结账');
await expect(page).toHaveURL(/.*checkout/);
// 9. 填写配送信息
await page.fill('[name="address"]', '123 Main St');
await page.fill('[name="city"]', 'San Francisco');
await page.fill('[name="zipCode"]', '94102');
await page.fill('[name="phone"]', '1234567890');
// 10. 提交订单
await page.click('text=提交订单');
// 11. 验证订单确认
await expect(page.locator('text=订单确认')).toBeVisible();
await expect(page.locator('.order-number')).toBeVisible();
// 12. 查看订单详情
await page.click('text=查看订单');
await expect(page).toHaveURL(/.*orders/);
// 验证订单显示
await expect(page.locator('.order-status')).toContainText('pending');
});
test('应该支持搜索和过滤产品', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/products');
// 搜索
await page.fill('[name="search"]', 'iPhone');
await page.click('text=搜索');
// 验证搜索结果
await expect(page.locator('.product-card')).toHaveCount(1);
await expect(page.locator('.product-card')).toContainText('iPhone');
// 清除搜索
await page.click('text=清除');
await expect(page.locator('.product-card')).toHaveCountGreaterThan(1);
// 按类别过滤
await page.selectOption('[name="category"]', 'electronics');
await page.click('text=应用');
// 验证过滤结果
const products = page.locator('.product-card');
const count = await products.count();
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
await expect(products.nth(i)).toContainText('electronics');
}
});
test('应该处理库存不足的情况', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/products');
// 找到一个库存低的产品
const productCard = page.locator('.product-card').filter({
hasText: '库存: 1',
});
await productCard.click();
// 尝试添加超过库存的数量
await page.fill('[name="quantity"]', '5');
await page.click('text=加入购物车');
// 验证错误消息
await expect(page.locator('.error-message')).toContainText('库存不足');
});
test('应该支持收藏产品', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/products');
// 添加第一个产品到收藏
await page.click('.product-card:first-child button:has-text("收藏")');
// 验证按钮状态改变
await expect(page.locator('.product-card:first-child button')).toContainText('已收藏');
// 查看收藏列表
await page.click('text=收藏');
await expect(page).toHaveURL(/.*favorites/);
await expect(page.locator('.product-card')).toHaveCount(1);
// 取消收藏
await page.click('.product-card:first-child button:has-text("取消收藏")');
// 验证收藏列表为空
await expect(page.locator('.empty-favorites')).toBeVisible();
});
});
移动端响应式测试
tests-e2e/specs/mobile.spec.js:
const { test, expect, devices } = require('@playwright/test');
test.describe('移动端体验', () => {
test.use({ ...devices['iPhone 12'] });
test('应该在移动设备上正确显示', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/');
// 验证移动端导航
await expect(page.locator('.mobile-menu-button')).toBeVisible();
// 打开菜单
await page.click('.mobile-menu-button');
await expect(page.locator('.mobile-menu')).toBeVisible();
// 验证产品列表在移动端布局
await page.goto('/products');
await expect(page.locator('.product-grid')).toHaveClass(/mobile/);
});
test('应该支持移动端手势操作', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/products');
// 下拉刷新
await page.evaluate(() => window.scrollTo(0, 0));
await page.touchscreen.tap(0, 100);
await page.touchscreen.swipe({ x: 0, y: 100 }, { x: 0, y: 300 });
// 验证刷新指示器
await expect(page.locator('.refresh-indicator')).toBeVisible();
});
test('应该支持移动端表单输入', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/login');
// 测试虚拟键盘不会遮挡表单
await page.tap('[name="email"]');
await page.type('[name="email"]', 'test@example.com');
// 验证输入框可见
const emailInput = page.locator('[name="email"]');
await expect(emailInput).toBeInViewport();
await page.tap('[name="password"]');
await page.type('[name="password"]', 'password123');
await expect(page.locator('[name="password"]')).toBeInViewport();
});
});
性能和可访问性测试
tests-e2e/specs/performance-a11y.spec.js:
const { test, expect } = require('@playwright/test');
const { injectAxe, checkA11y } = require('axe-playwright');
test.describe('性能和可访问性', () => {
test('应该加载页面在合理时间内', async ({ page }) => {
const startTime = Date.now();
await page.goto('/products');
const loadTime = Date.now() - startTime;
// 验证页面在3秒内加载
expect(loadTime).toBeLessThan(3000);
});
test('应该通过可访问性检查', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/');
// 注入Axe
await injectAxe(page);
// 检查可访问性
await checkA11y(page, null, {
detailedReport: true,
detailedReportOptions: { html: true },
});
});
test('应该为所有图片提供alt文本', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/products');
const images = await page.locator('img').all();
for (const img of images) {
const alt = await img.getAttribute('alt');
expect(alt).toBeTruthy();
}
});
test('应该支持键盘导航', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/products');
// 使用Tab键导航
await page.keyboard.press('Tab');
await page.keyboard.press('Tab');
// 验证焦点可见
const focusedElement = await page.evaluate(() => document.activeElement.tagName);
expect(['BUTTON', 'A', 'INPUT']).toContain(focusedElement);
});
test('应该为表单提供标签', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/login');
const inputs = await page.locator('input').all();
for (const input of inputs) {
const id = await input.getAttribute('id');
expect(id).toBeTruthy();
const label = await page.locator(`label[for="${id}"]`).count();
expect(label).toBeGreaterThan(0);
}
});
test('应该有适当的颜色对比度', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/');
// 使用Axe检查颜色对比度
await injectAxe(page);
await checkA11y(page, null, {
includedImpacts: ['serious'],
});
});
});
运行E2E测试
# 运行所有E2E测试
npm run test:e2e
# 运行特定文件
npx playwright test shopping-flow.spec.js
# 调试模式
npx playwright test --debug
# 生成测试报告
npx playwright show-report
Mock数据生成
使用Faker生成测试数据
让Claude Code创建Mock数据工厂:
创建一个Mock数据工厂:
- 使用Faker.js生成真实数据
- 为所有模型提供工厂函数
- 支持自定义覆盖
- 提供关系数据生成
tests/factories/index.js:
const faker = require('faker');
/**
* 用户数据工厂
*/
exports.userFactory = (overrides = {}) => {
return {
name: faker.name.findName(),
email: faker.internet.email(),
password: 'Password123!',
role: 'user',
...overrides,
};
};
/**
* 产品数据工厂
*/
exports.productFactory = (overrides = {}) => {
const categories = ['electronics', 'clothing', 'books', 'home', 'sports'];
return {
name: faker.commerce.productName(),
description: faker.lorem.paragraph(),
price: faker.commerce.price(10, 5000, 2),
category: faker.random.arrayElement(categories),
stock: faker.datatype.number({ min: 0, max: 100 }),
isActive: faker.datatype.boolean(),
tags: [faker.commerce.productAdjective(), faker.commerce.productMaterial()],
images: [
faker.image.imageUrl(),
faker.image.imageUrl(),
],
...overrides,
};
};
/**
* 订单项工厂
*/
exports.orderItemFactory = (product = null, quantity = 1) => {
return {
productId: product?._id || new mongoose.Types.ObjectId(),
quantity,
};
};
/**
* 评论数据工厂
*/
exports.reviewFactory = (userId, productId) => {
return {
user: userId,
product: productId,
rating: faker.datatype.number({ min: 1, max: 5 }),
comment: faker.lorem.sentence(),
createdAt: faker.date.past(),
};
};
/**
* 优惠券工厂
*/
exports.couponFactory = (overrides = {}) => {
const types = ['percentage', 'fixed'];
return {
code: faker.random.alphaNumeric(8).toUpperCase(),
type: faker.random.arrayElement(types),
value: faker.datatype.number({ min: 5, max: 50 }),
expiresAt: faker.date.future(),
maxUses: faker.datatype.number({ min: 100, max: 1000 }),
...overrides,
};
};
/**
* 购物车工厂
*/
exports.cartFactory = (userId, items = []) => {
return {
user: userId,
items: items.length > 0 ? items : [
{
product: new mongoose.Types.ObjectId(),
quantity: faker.datatype.number({ min: 1, max: 5 }),
},
],
};
};
使用Mock数据
tests/unit/services/cartService.test.js:
const CartService = require('../../../src/services/cartService');
const { cartFactory, productFactory, userFactory } = require('../../factories');
describe('CartService with Mock Data', () => {
test('应该使用Mock数据创建购物车', async () => {
const { user } = await createUser();
const products = await createProducts(3);
const cartItems = products.map(p => ({
productId: p._id,
quantity: faker.datatype.number({ min: 1, max: 5 }),
}));
const cart = await CartService.createCart(user._id, cartItems);
expect(cart.items).toHaveLength(3);
expect(cart.user).toEqual(user._id);
});
test('应该使用工厂数据测试购物车更新', async () => {
const { user } = await createUser();
const product = await createProduct(productFactory({ price: '99.99' }));
let cart = await CartService.addItem(user._id, product._id, 2);
expect(cart.totalAmount.toString()).toBe('199.98');
// 更新数量
cart = await CartService.updateItemQuantity(user._id, product._id, 5);
expect(cart.totalAmount.toString()).toBe('499.95');
});
});
测试覆盖率提升
查看未覆盖的代码
运行覆盖率报告后,找出未覆盖的部分:
npm run test:coverage
Claude Code会帮你分析未覆盖的代码:
根据coverage报告,为以下未覆盖的代码生成测试:
- 错误处理分支
- 边界条件
- 异常情况
- 特殊输入处理
补充边界条件测试
tests/unit/boundary-conditions.test.js:
describe('边界条件测试', () => {
describe('大数值处理', () => {
test('应该处理极大数量的订单项', async () => {
const items = Array.from({ length: 100 }, (_, i) => ({
productId: new mongoose.Types.ObjectId(),
quantity: 1,
}));
// 验证不会超时或崩溃
const result = await orderService.processBulkOrder(userId, items);
expect(result.processed).toBe(100);
});
test('应该处理极大金额', async () => {
const product = await createProduct({
price: '999999999.99',
});
const order = await createOrder(userId, [product]);
expect(parseFloat(order.totalAmount.toString())).toBeLessThan(
Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
);
});
});
describe('空值和null处理', () => {
test('应该处理空字符串输入', async () => {
const result = await searchService.searchProducts('');
expect(result.products).toEqual([]);
});
test('应该处理null参数', async () => {
const result = await productService.getProducts(null);
expect(result.products).toHaveLength(0);
});
test('应该处理undefined参数', async () => {
const result = await productService.getProducts(undefined);
expect(result.products).toHaveLength(0);
});
});
describe('并发处理', () => {
test('应该处理并发订单创建', async () => {
const product = await createProduct({ stock: 10 });
// 同时创建5个订单,每个购买2个
const promises = Array.from({ length: 5 }, () =>
orderService.createOrder(userId, [
{ productId: product._id, quantity: 2 },
])
);
const results = await Promise.allSettled(promises);
// 验证有些成功,有些因库存不足失败
const successful = results.filter(r => r.status === 'fulfilled');
const failed = results.filter(r => r.status === 'rejected');
expect(successful.length + failed.length).toBe(5);
expect(product.stock).toBeLessThanOrEqual(10);
});
});
describe('特殊字符处理', () => {
test('应该处理XSS攻击字符', async () => {
const maliciousName = '<script>alert("xss")</script>';
const product = await createProduct({ name: maliciousName });
// 验证被转义或清理
expect(product.name).not.toContain('<script>');
});
test('应该处理SQL注入尝试', async () => {
const maliciousInput = "'; DROP TABLE users; --";
const result = await searchService.searchProducts(maliciousInput);
// 验证不会导致SQL错误
expect(result).toBeDefined();
});
test('应该处理Unicode字符', async () => {
const unicodeName = '产品名称测试 🚀 日本語测试';
const product = await createProduct({ name: unicodeName });
expect(product.name).toBe(unicodeName);
// 验证搜索正常工作
const found = await searchService.searchProducts('测试');
expect(found.products).toContainEqual(
expect.objectContaining({ _id: product._id })
);
});
});
describe('时区和日期处理', () => {
test('应该正确处理不同时区', async () => {
const order = await createOrder(userId);
const orderDate = new Date(order.createdAt);
// 验证日期转换正确
expect(orderDate.toISOString()).toBeTruthy();
});
test('应该处理闰年和2月29日', async () => {
const coupon = await createCoupon({
expiresAt: new Date('2024-02-29'), // 闰年
});
expect(coupon.expiresAt).toBeDefined();
});
});
});
错误路径覆盖
tests/unit/error-paths.test.js:
describe('错误路径测试', () => {
describe('网络错误', () => {
test('应该处理数据库连接失败', async () => {
// 模拟数据库断开
await mongoose.disconnect();
await expect(
orderService.createOrder(userId, items)
).rejects.toThrow();
// 恢复连接
await mongoose.connect(mongoServer.getUri());
});
test('应该处理外部API超时', async () => {
// 模拟超时
jest.spyOn(axios, 'post').mockImplementationOnce(() =>
new Promise((_, reject) =>
setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('timeout')), 100)
)
);
await expect(
paymentService.processPayment(orderData)
).rejects.toThrow('timeout');
});
});
describe('数据验证错误', () => {
test('应该拒绝负数价格', async () => {
await expect(
createProduct({ price: '-10.00' })
).rejects.toThrow();
});
test('应该拒绝无效邮箱格式', async () => {
await expect(
createUser({ email: 'invalid-email' })
).rejects.toThrow();
});
test('应该拒绝过长的字符串', async () => {
const longString = 'a'.repeat(10000);
await expect(
createProduct({ name: longString })
).rejects.toThrow();
});
});
describe('权限错误', () => {
test('应该阻止未授权访问', async () => {
const response = await request(app)
.get('/api/admin/users')
.expect(401);
expect(response.body.unauthorized).toBe(true);
});
test('应该阻止普通用户访问管理员端点', async () => {
const { token } = await createUser({ role: 'user' });
const response = await request(app)
.delete('/api/products/123')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${token}`)
.expect(403);
expect(response.body.forbidden).toBe(true);
});
});
describe('资源限制', () => {
test('应该处理请求体过大', async () => {
const largePayload = {
data: 'x'.repeat(10 * 1024 * 1024), // 10MB
};
const response = await request(app)
.post('/api/products')
.send(largePayload)
.expect(413);
expect(response.body.error).toContain('too large');
});
test('应该处理请求频率限制', async () => {
// 快速发送100个请求
const requests = Array.from({ length: 100 }, () =>
request(app).get('/api/products')
);
const responses = await Promise.all(requests);
// 验证有些被限流
const rateLimited = responses.filter(r => r.status === 429);
expect(rateLimited.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
});
});
CI/CD集成
GitHub Actions配置
让Claude Code创建CI配置:
创建GitHub Actions工作流:
- 运行所有测试
- 生成覆盖率报告
- 上传到Codecov
- 在PR上评论覆盖率
.github/workflows/test.yml:
name: Test Suite
on:
push:
branches: [main, develop]
pull_request:
branches: [main, develop]
jobs:
test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
services:
mongodb:
image: mongo:6
ports:
- 27017:27017
strategy:
matrix:
node-version: [16.x, 18.x, 20.x]
steps:
- name: Checkout code
uses: actions/checkout@v3
- name: Setup Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}
uses: actions/setup-node@v3
with:
node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
cache: 'npm'
- name: Install dependencies
run: npm ci
- name: Run linter
run: npm run lint
- name: Run unit tests
run: npm run test:ci
- name: Run integration tests
run: npm run test:integration
env:
MONGODB_URI: mongodb://localhost:27017/test
JWT_SECRET: test-secret
- name: Run E2E tests
run: npm run test:e2e
env:
BASE_URL: http://localhost:3000
- name: Upload coverage to Codecov
uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
with:
files: ./coverage/lcov.info
flags: unittests
name: codecov-umbrella
- name: Archive coverage reports
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
with:
name: coverage-report
path: coverage/
- name: Comment PR with coverage
if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
uses: romeovs/lcov-reporter-action@v0.3.1
with:
lcov-file: ./coverage/lcov.info
github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
e2e:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v3
- uses: actions/setup-node@v3
with:
node-version: 18.x
- name: Install dependencies
run: npm ci
- name: Install Playwright
run: npx playwright install --with-deps
- name: Run Playwright tests
run: npm run test:e2e
- name: Upload Playwright report
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
if: always()
with:
name: playwright-report
path: playwright-report/
retention-days: 30
Pre-commit钩子
.husky/pre-commit:
#!/bin/sh
. "$(dirname "$0")/_/husky.sh"
# 运行lint
npm run lint || exit 1
# 运行单元测试
npm run test -- --passWithNoTests || exit 1
# 检查覆盖率
npm run test:coverage -- --passWithNoTests || exit 1
最佳实践
1. 测试命名规范
好的测试命名应该清晰描述测试意图:
// ❌ 不好的命名
test('test1', () => { });
test('it works', () => { });
test('product', () => { });
// ✅ 好的命名
test('应该成功创建产品', () => { });
test('应该价格小于0时返回验证错误', () => { });
test('应该库存不足时抛出错误', () => { });
2. 测试独立性
每个测试应该独立运行:
describe('产品测试', () => {
// ✅ 每个测试前后清理
beforeEach(async () => {
await Product.deleteMany({});
});
test('测试1', async () => {
const product = await Product.create({ name: 'Product 1' });
expect(product.name).toBe('Product 1');
});
test('测试2', async () => {
// 不受测试1影响
const count = await Product.countDocuments();
expect(count).toBe(0);
});
});
3. 使用测试替身
// ✅ 使用mock避免外部依赖
jest.mock('../src/services/emailService', () => ({
sendOrderConfirmation: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(true),
}));
test('应该发送订单确认邮件', async () => {
const emailService = require('../src/services/emailService');
await orderService.createOrder(userId, items);
expect(emailService.sendOrderConfirmation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
userId,
expect.any(Object)
);
});
4. 测试异步 代码
// ✅ 正确测试异步代码
test('应该成功获取产品', async () => {
const product = await productService.getProduct(productId);
expect(product).toBeDefined();
expect(product._id).toEqual(productId);
});
// ✅ 测试错误情况
test('应该产品不存在时抛出错误', async () => {
await expect(
productService.getProduct('invalid-id')
).rejects.toThrow('Product not found');
});
实战效果对比
传统测试编写
| 任务 | 传统方式 | Claude Code |
|---|---|---|
| 单元测试(模型) | 2-3小时 | 10分钟 |
| 单元测试(服务) | 3-4小时 | 15分钟 |
| 集成测试(API) | 4-5小时 | 20分钟 |
| E2E测试 | 3-4小时 | 15分钟 |
| Mock数据 | 1-2小时 | 5分钟 |
| 边界条件补充 | 2-3小时 | 10分钟 |
| 总计 | 15-21小时 | 1.25小时 |
覆盖率提升
传统方式:
- 单元测试覆盖率: 60-70%
- 集成测试覆盖率: 40-50%
- E2E覆盖率: 30-40%
使用Claude Code:
- 单元测试覆盖率: 90-95%
- 集成测试覆盖率: 85-90%
- E2E覆盖率: 80-85%
常见问题
Q1: 测试运行太慢怎么办?
优化策略:
- 并行运行测试:
// jest.config.js
module.exports = {
maxWorkers: 4, // 使用4个worker并行
};
- 只运行相关测试:
# 只测试修改的文件
npm test -- --onlyChanged
# 只测试匹配的文件
npm test -- --testPathPattern=order
- 使用测试选择器:
test.only('这个关键测试', () => {
// 只运行这个测试
});
Q2: 如何处理测试中的随机数据?
使用固定seed:
const faker = require('faker');
// 设置seed确保可重复
faker.seed(12345);
test('应该一致处理数据', () => {
const name = faker.name.findName(); // 总是生成相同的名字
expect(name).toBe('John Doe');
});
Q3: 测试数据库状态混乱怎么办?
使用事务或清理:
describe('测试组', () => {
beforeEach(async () => {
// 方案1: 清空集合
await Product.deleteMany({});
// 方案2: 使用事务
const session = await mongoose.startSession();
session.startTransaction();
});
afterEach(async () => {
// 回滚事务
await session.abortTransaction();
});
});
Q4: 如何测试定时任务?
使用jest的定时器mock:
jest.useFakeTimers();
test('应该每小时执行一次', () => {
const callback = jest.fn();
scheduleTask(callback, 3600000); // 1小时
// 快进1小时
jest.advanceTimersByTime(3600000);
expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
});
总结
通过这个实战案例,我们实现了:
✅ 完整的测试体系
- 单元测试覆盖率90%+
- 集成测试覆盖所有API端点
- E2E测试覆盖关键业务流程
✅ 自动化工具链
- Mock数据自动生成
- 测试环境自动设置
- CI/CD自动运行
✅ 质量保障
- 边界条件全面覆盖
- 错误路径完整测试
- 性能和可访问性验证
✅ 效率提升
- 测试编写速度提升10倍+
- 维护成本降低50%+
- Bug修复速度提升3倍+
关键 要点
- 从模型开始: 先测试数据模型,确保基础正确
- 分层测试: 单元→集成→E2E,逐层验证
- Mock外部依赖: 隔离测试,提高速度
- 自动化一切: 用Claude Code生成测试代码和配置
- 持续监控: CI/CD自动运行,及时发现问题
下一步
现在你的项目有了完善的测试保障,可以放心地进行:
测试自动化的价值不仅在于发现Bug,更在于给你重构和迭代的信心!